Variability of Solar Activity Parameters

Variability of Solar Activity Parameters Chapter 7: Overall Conclusion and Future Prospect of Research In the present work, efforts have been given to get an idea of variability of solar activity parameters during the recent solar minimum period and also to understand the effect of the solar activity parameters at the F2 region of the ionosphere. As our dependence on technological systems operating in and through the outer reaches of our terrestrial environment is continuously increasing, it is very necessary to get a clear idea about the variability of the ionosphere, magnetosphere and the sun itself which is primary source that drives not only our terrestrial environment but also the entire interplanetary domain. The properties of solar activity parameters and the use of GPS derived ionospheric TEC as a tool for investigation of the ionosphere are explained in detail under the current research work. The study shows that the ionospheric variability is well coupled with solar activity parameters and phase of solar activity also. The ionospheric problems studied here are mainly concern ed with satellite based navigation. Over recent years, the solar activity effects of the ionospheric parameters have received renewed interest, and considerable progress has been achieved. The present research work focuses on four aspects – Firstly the behaviour of various solar activity parameters (mainly sunspot and solar radio flux) during the recent solar minimum period. It has been noted from a preliminary study that the correlation coefficient of radio emission and sunspot number was low with respect to the correlation coefficients of previous solar minima. During this minima period, the frequency distribution of correlation coefficient of radio flux and sunspot number is random whether it has a similar pattern for previous three minima which suggest an unusual behaviour of radio flux during this minimum. Secondly, noting the unusual behaviour of radio flux, a rigorous periodic analysis of basal component of solar radio flux of different frequencies has been done as these frequencies reveal the physical nature of the source regions. The analysis has exposed that during recent extended solar minimum period the large magnetic structures (independent of sunspot activity) of solar coronal region might had a similar rotation with fairly homogeneous structure and towards the chromospheric layers the homogeneity disappears and the rotation rate was also different for different portions of the chromospheres. The periodicities obtained for X-ray flux have also been found in other solar-activity parameters which give an indication that there may be connectivity between sunspot X ray flux and some other solar activity parameters as the periodicities of both types of magnetic structures are nearly matching. This may be an indication to the underlying global mechanism that modulates different. Thirdly, after getting some idea about the solar activity parameters, efforts have been given to understand the effect of these activity parameters on ionosphere. The earth directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the sun, which result in increased pressure characterized by sudden increases in solar wind velocity, temperature and density as well as large changes in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) specially its north–south component (Bz), trigger the geomagnetic storms. These storms affect the ionosphere and makes such studies important from the point of view of space weather related processes. Here the effect of two geomagnetic storm of april and july 2012 on low latitude ionosphere has been studied. During the storms the depression and enhancements in VTEC compared to quiet time means VTEC was observed. This significant perturbation level in VTEC during the geomagnetic storm period may lead to the disturbances in navigation and communications systems which are now a days being used by civilian as well as military. These storm time perturbations in VTEC compared to quiet time mean values are caused by electro dynamical (PPE and DDE) as well mechanical effects (neural wind lifting effects and thermospheric composition changes) which are originated during the periods of geomagnetic storms. So these are the main key factors controlling the low latitude ionosphere’s response to the geomagnetic storm. Fourthly, a comparative study of the model and in-situ measurement of ionospheric parameters has been done. The last chapter deals on the investigation of the effect of the solar activity parameter on ionosphereric electron content and the investigation has been done by using the in-situ measurement data of the ionosphere. The in-situ measurement of TEC using the GPS and from the IGS stations is not possible from all places. So to understand the global distribution of TEC we need model data. Among all the ionospheric models, International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is being widely used which is constantly being improved and updated by the scientific committee. In present time the most recent version of this model is IRI 2012. In this chapter, the diurnal, monthly and seasonal variations of the GPS-TEC are compared with those derived from the latest IRI 2012 model from four different stations. The study reveals that TEC with topside option IRI-2001 overestimates the observed GPS TEC i n low latitude regions in most of the times and the modeled TEC from other two options of IRI are in agreement with the observed TEC data. The matching between the IRI TEC and observed TEC is totally dependent on the local time, location and phase of the solar cycle and the largest deviations in model and observed TEC occur as a result of poor estimation of foF2 and NmF2 from the coefficients of IRI model. As the sophistication of our space based technological systems increases rapidly, their vulnerability to disturbances in space weather also increases. Performance of modern satellites used in global communications, weather predictions, remote sensing, defense systems and a variety of ground based scientific and operational systems depends on information we have on our ionosphere. The ionosphere is a highly variable medium and the low latitude ionosphere contributes the maximum variability. So a complete understanding of low latitude ionospheric phenomena is very essential. The Indian subcontinent lies in the low latitude region and thus gives us an opportunity to study the low latitude ionosphere. The north-east India is the region which lies in the EIA zone and hence the data of agartala station has its own importance. Presently we are using the GPS dual frequency receiver as a tool for investigating the low latitude ionosphere. New instrument like ionosonde will be recently install ed at our university which will give us a strong support in the ionospheric investigation. In order to get the idea of the global distribution of TEC, the variation of TEC from all the places need to be studied. But the in-situ measurement of TEC data from all the places is not available. So for this we need to depend on model TEC data. The US based models are best for their region not for Indian regions. So to get the variability of Indian subcontinent’s ionospheric region the in-situ measurement from Indian region is mostly important. As we have seen for around 92 degree longitude our study may be a significant input parameter for the modeling of ionosphere. Beside this study, it is expected to extend it for further investigation of ionosphere using GPS dual frequency receiver and ionosonde as tools.

Research Critique †Burns And Grove Essay

Introduction Burns and Grove (2011), define qualitative research is a standardized, personal way used to define life experiences and grant them meaning. A qualitative study must establish a dilemma or research problem, does not contain a hypotheses, and the research questions, which evolve as the study progresses are usually very broad. As a result, the person conducting the study looks for data to form impressions; this type of research cannot be measured. This qualitative research critique will analyze the problem statement, purpose and research questions, literature review and conceptual framework of Qualitative Study on the Impact of Falling in Frail Older Persons and Family Caregivers: Foundations for an Intervention to Prevent Falls. Critical Appraisal Problem Among adults 65 years of age and older, falls are the main purpose of injury death and the most typical reason for nonfatal injuries and trauma related hospital admissions. In 2010, approximately two million nonfatal fall injuries in older adults were cared for in emergency departments with costs totally approximately $30 billion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Injuries sustained from falls include fractures (hip, spine, forearm, leg, ankle, pelvis, hand), lacerations, and head traumas. Often times after a fall, an individual will become disabled, lose their independence, or develop a fear of falling again causing them to decrease their activity level. Decreased activity level results in decreased mobility and muscle mass, loss of being physically fit, and actually increases an elderly person’s chances of falling. In addition to the physical injuries from falls, patients also suffer emotionally and socially, as do their caregivers from increased dependence on them. Purpose and Research Questions The objective of the study was to review the impacts of falls in older adults, some of whom had cognitive impairments and the impacts on their  primary caregivers who were family members. The subjects taking part in the study all had recently experienced a fall. The other purpose of the study was to make recommendations for a fall prevention program. While the researchers did not provide the questions they used, based on the information given they were questions such as: What are the consequences you fear from falling (physical, emotional, social)? What caused the fall? How did you cope with the fall? What do you expect from a fall prevention program? The qualitative method of the grounded theory: a constant comparative analysis to identify common themes and issues was used to answer the authors’ research questions. Qualitative research is a methodical, personal way used to illustrate personal experiences and give them meaning. In a qualitative study, participants are chosen by those conducting the study to participate because of their knowledge, views, or experiences related to the study rather than by chance (Burns & Grove, 2011). In this study, the purpose and research questions used were related to the study about falls in the elderly and the impact it has on both them and their caregivers. Literature Review The authors of the article researched both qualitative and quantitative studies relevant to the focus of their study on falls. The study used references from 1988 through 2009 and approximately half of them were greater than five years old and the other half were less than five years old. Protocols for qualitative research were followed with regard to purposive sampling and triangulation, the sampling and data analysis reached saturation, and the manuscripts of the interviews were tested with interviewees (Faes et al., 2010). Some weaknesses of the study were the small sample size and the fact that the results were not statistically valid for other populations. The literature review presented valid evidence and information to support the authors’ argument for the need for a fall prevention program to discuss and educate people on ways to reduce the consequences of falling and provide information on safety to prevent falls. Frame of Reference When conducting this study, the grounded theory guided the authors who interviewed 10 caregivers and 10 patients. Three patients were cognitively unimpaired, four had mild cognitive impairments and the remaining three were dementia patients. All patients had experienced a recent fall and both them and their caregivers were used as the authors’ frame of reference. After the study, a framework was developed from the study findings that consisted of two tables that presented the socio-demographic and health characteristics of patients and the socio-demographic and health characteristics of caregivers and their care recipients. Interview responses were also categorized into the following categories: emotions, social consequences, attributions, coping, burden and rewards of care giving, and fall prevention program. This framework was used by the authors to determine the need for a fall prevention program. Conclusion Falls impact the elderly physically, emotionally and socially as well as contribute to added stress amongst their caregivers. Therefore, the authors of this study suggested that a fall prevention program involving both patients and caregivers should be implemented. The fall prevention program should target reducing the consequences of falling, provide advice on walking and standing more safely, promote self-efficacy and activity, and discuss the cause of falls (Faes et al., 2010). Caregivers should also be properly educated on ways to prevent falls and on how to supervise cognitively impaired patients. References Burns, N. & Grove, S.K. (2011). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence- based practice. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/978-1-4377-0750-2/pages/52532283 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Falls among older adults: An overview. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html Faes, M., Reelick, M., Joosten-Weyn Banningh, L., Gier, M., Esselink, R., & Olde Rikkert, M. (2010). Qualitative study on the impact of falling in frail older persons and family caregivers: Foundations for an intervention to prevent falls. Aging & Mental Health, 14(7), 834-842. doi:10.1080/13607861003781825

Nursing Theory Concept Analysis Nursing Theories

Nursing Theory Concept Analysis Introduction With the numerous nursing theories that have been established throughout the profession, it has become empirical for nursing professionals to be able to sort through the various concepts and critically analyze the significance for individual practice as well as the profession of nursing as a whole. Nursing theories should be analyzed and investigated for the value before acceptance just as new ideas are reviewed prior to implementation into practice. An analysis involves the use of reflective thinking in regards to a chosen theory and assessing the value it will have on specific situation. This concept analysis will focus on Jean Watson’s â€Å"Theory of Human Caring†, with emphasis placed on the†¦show more content†¦Watson felt that caring was conveyed by the philosophy of the nursing profession as an exceptional way of coping with its environment. By applying 10 caring components to practice the patient becomes the focus rather than technology. Literature Review A foundation built on the concept of caring offers the ethical framework necessary to improve staff and patient satisfaction levels including the overall delivery of care provided (Dudkiewicz, 2014). Watson’s Theory of Human Caring can be used to address particular problems noted with in practice as well as the manner in which care is delivered among healthcare organizations by concentrating on the concept of caring. Nursing based on a foundation of caring provides a healing environment that fosters and promotes the growth of the nurse-patient relationship which further leads to the promotion of healing (Quinn, 2009). Patient satisfaction levels is an established indicator of the effectiveness and quality of care in the healthcare system. Patient satisfaction is further related to patient safety in a way that it impacts patient compliance with prescription medication, medical recommendations and follow through with regimens (Palese et al., 2011). The relationship made between the nurse and the patient is imperative in the overall patient experience and the perception of the care received. Patient satisfaction is directly related to quality of nurse caring during nurse-patient interaction. As stated by Watson, aShow MoreRelatedConcept Analysis : An Essential Part Of Nursing Theory Development1285 Words   |  6 PagesConcept Analysis Abigail Giovacchini Chamberlain College of Nursing  Concept Analysis Concept Analysis is an essential part of nursing theory development. Analyzing concepts of theories assists the reader in defining the attributes of the theory as well as identifying key points developed in the theory. Concept analysis helps clarify theories and evaluate their meanings. Studying the concepts helps us define and explain relationships between nurses and patients and this produces nursing theoriesRead MoreConcept Analysis on Self-care: Orem ´s Theory on Nursing1528 Words   |  7 PagesConcepts are essential elements in theories which provide ideas for research in nursing. Concepts give knowledge that can be applied to nursing practice, education and administration. (Parker Smith 2010). Concept analysis brings about clarity. The methods of concept analysis have the following steps. Select the concepts, determine the purpose of the anaysis, identify all uses, define attributes, a model case of the concept, consequences of the concept, and define empirical r eferences of theRead MoreConcept Analysis : The Theory Of The Science Of Nursing1875 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Concept analysis is a process that many healthcare professionals use in practice daily. It helps when conducting research into the best practices we should be abiding by in order to give the best possible care at all times. Concept derivation from Walker and Avant’s (2011) perspective is often necessary when there are few concepts currently available to a nurse that explain a problem area. It is applicable when a comparison or analogy can be made between one field or area that is conceptuallyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Nursing Concepts1213 Words   |  5 Pages Critical Analysis of Nursing Concepts Cathy Chauvin University of Victoria, BC Critical Analysis of Nursing Concepts In this paper, I am going to discuss past and present nursing concepts, and how these theories have evolved. The initial paper by J. 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Henderson’s Nursing Theory Critique Gaylinn Breeze Maryville University Abstract This paper aims to provide an in depth critique of Henderson’s Nursing Theory using Fawcett’s framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models. This paper will provide an analysis of the theory based on its scope, context and content. Secondly, the paper will provide an evaluation to unearth its significance, internal consistency, testability, as well as provide empirical and pragmaticRead MoreTheory of Successful Aging1648 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Of Successful Aging INTERNAL CRITICISM Adequacy: The Flood’s Theory of Successful Aging (Flood, 2005) was developed to addresses a nursing theory for care of the older adult regarding to the lack of nursing theory that offers clearly delineated guidelines for care of aging. Flood’s(2002) unique definition of successful aging among other explanations includes mental, physical, and spiritual elements of the aging person and emphasizing the individuals self appraisal. She used existing knowledgeRead MoreConcept Comparisons and Analysis Theories1667 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories UOP Theoretical Foundations of Nursing NUR/513 Concept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Nursing theory is relatively new and as such, it continues to evolve as new knowledge is gained. There are numerous theories of nursing, each of which took years to develop and most of which continue to evolve and adapt. There are commonalities between and among the existing theories although each may focus more heavily on different aspects of responsibilitiesRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Nursing Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesMcEwin and Ellis, theory in nursing â€Å"offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge and provides a systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict nursing practice† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 25). Theories in nursing are what distinguish it from other professions and help to create professional boundaries (McEwen Wills, 2014)Click and drag to move. When theories are applied in the nursing process, there are various concepts from the respective theory that are introduced

Robert Lorway s Defiant Desire - 936 Words

Review of Defiant Desire in Namibia Robert Lorway delivers a feminist perspective with his ethnography, Defiant Desire in Namibia. Lorway examines sexuality as both a social construct and a political one. While this ethnography provides unparalleled information about gender and sexuality in the poorer world, there are a few important flaws, such as the lack of information about radical ideas or behavior, neglect of his own bias, and the length of the ethnography. My ethnography of choice was, Defiant Desire in Namibia: Female sexual-gender transgression and the making of political being. Written by Robert Lorway from the University of Manitoba. Lorway identifies as a gay male in his late twenties, who is a Canadian person of†¦show more content†¦These were his metaphorical backstage passes into their secretive culture. In this ethnography, Lorway analyzes female sexual desire and the challenges these women face. He discusses problems with their president, their families, their employment and the aggression against them. Many of these women reported being stabbed multiple times by both women and men. They also claimed that it is not uncommon for women to be raped in Namibia, and being lesbians give them a better sense of security. HIV is extremely prevent in Namibian society, and some of these women even report a fear of sleeping with men for this reason. Lorway arrived in Namibia in 2001, shortly after their president announced that all LGBT peoples would be thrown in prison. One women who was incarcerated was thankful for the consistent food and shelter. During rough times, these lesbians would become prostitutes as well, despite the fact that they were not sexually attracted to men. Overall, these working class lesbians faced numerous hardships, with little support outside of their organizations The Rainbow Project and Sister Namibia. They also preferred in most cases to use the western labels, such as lesbian , despite the government s attempt to claim that homosexuality in unnatural and a western cultural import. The theory of feminism is prominent in this ethnography. The author is extremely

Development Of Human Resource Management Essay - 1657 Words

Literature Review â€Å"Thirty-two years of development of human resource management in China: Review and prospects† (Shuming Zhao, Juan Du, 2012) is a journal paper that concentrating on the hypothetical advancements and practical applications of HRM, it first audits the move of HRM in China from planned labor force allocation to current HR management in three particular eras since China s reformation and opening-up. After, it analyzes and discusses the difficulties of human resource management research and its practices from the points of view of internationalization, corporate culture, and hierarchical development in the time of China s economic transition. Last but not least, it introduces the future prospects and trends of HRM in China. Although this article mainly focuses on the HRM system in the whole Chinese business society, still, most part of the insights can be instructively enlightening for Chinese SOEs. Shuming and Juan expressed that HR management practice in Chinese enterprises keep on exhibiting issues. To start with, most organizations are attempting to figure an assortment of HR management approaches and policies reliable with the best practices. Nevertheless, the official capacity in numerous organizations still should be made strides. Second, most organizations have constructed the capacity to lead position administration through job analysis, yet, the level of standardization is still generally low. Third, the recruitment work in Chinese ventures hasShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Development1748 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management entails managing recruitment, planning, and implementing a selection of organizational development training within the business. 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Justice in Antigone Free Essays

Antiquity and the 19th Century (Ulfers) William Rauscher Thursday, 9:30AM Justice in Antigone In Sophocles’ Antigone, two notions of ‘justice’ are presented, which conflict with each other. Creon’s form of justice rewards the loyal Eteocles and punishes the traitor Polyneices, by refusing to give Polyneices proper burial rites. This form of justice directly conflicts with Antigone’s idea of justice, which doesn’t differentiate between the â€Å"wicked† and the â€Å"just. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice in Antigone or any similar topic only for you Order Now † These two conflicting thoughts on justice illustrate two classic philosophies. Creon represents a Paramenidean view of justice, while Antigone represents a Heraclitean view of justice. Paramenidean thought splits the world into two systems, where â€Å"Being† is primary and â€Å"Becoming† is secondary (Ulfers, Lecture). To Paramenides, â€Å"Being† is associated with the idea of â€Å"oneness† and â€Å"timelessness,† while any â€Å"Becoming† or process is an illusion produced by the senses. This dualistic worldview simplifies everyday occurrences and thoughts into opposites, which are unchangeable. In contrast, Heraclitean thought presents â€Å"Becoming† as primary, while â€Å"Being† is secondary (Ulfers, Lecture). Heraclitus regards change and temporality as ultimate in a perpetual process of â€Å"Becoming. † Heraclitus goes on to argue that opposites are simultaneously present in a state known as chiasmic unity. Chiasmic unity constitutes a paradoxical unity of opposites, which binds opposites together and keeps them apart. Heraclitean thought favors the logic of â€Å"both/and,† which violates the Paramenidean logic of â€Å"either/or. † Antigone presents a Heraclitean view of justice in a conversation with her sister Ismene abut Creon’s proclamation that their brother, Polyneices, will ot receive proper burial rites. Antigone determines that Creon has no authority to dictate burial rites: â€Å"It is not for him [Creon] to keep me from my own† (Sophocles, 163). By choosing to defy Creon’s decree, Antigone accepts her fate as â€Å"a criminal-but a religious one,† revealing that she wants to make her act of defiance a public example. Antigone does not fear Creon’s threat of punishment because she follows a different form of justice based on a higher religious authority. Religion functions in a chiasmic structure, where the opposite values of â€Å"wicked† and â€Å"just,† lose their oppositional aspects (Ulfers, Lecture). Antigone’s commitment to a Heraclitean view of justice allows her to defy the sovereign, yet keep her honor: â€Å"No suffering of mine will be enough to make me die ignobly† (Sophocles 165). In contrast, Ismene chooses to follow Creon’s interpretation of justice because he is the current ruling power, whose authority is unquestioned. She is not able to see past the â€Å"either/or† logic Creon has imposed on his people. As a wiser, older sister, Ismene warns Antigone about disobeying Creon, pleading with Antigone to come to her senses: â€Å"†¦and see how miserable our end shall be if in the teeth of law we shall transgress against the sovereign’s decree and power†¦Extravagant action is not sensible† (Sophocles, 163). Ismene determines that Antigone’s intended action is flawed because it goes beyond the simplicity of following the sovereign’s law. Despite these warnings, Antigone is compelled to defy Creon’s proclamation as a result of her Heraclitean view of justice. Creon confronts Antigone for defying his decree. In contrast to Antigone, Creon represents the Paramenidean view of justice, which is based on an oppositional order of wicked and just, punishment and reward (Ulfers, Lecture). Creon extends these distinctions to the realm of the dead: â€Å"My enemy is still my enemy even in death† (Sophocles 181). Creon believes that by extending the intolerance of treachery into death’s realm, he will set an example that will dissuade any future uprisings against his rule. Antigone shows no remorse for her actions, believing that Creon’s rule does not extend to the realm of the dead: â€Å"†¦it was not Zeus that made the proclamation; nor did Justice, which lives with those below, enact such laws as that, for mankind. I did not believe your proclamation had such power to enable one who will someday die to override God’s ordinances† (Sophocles 178). Antigone disagrees with Creon, since death is inevitable and is neither considered a punishment nor a reward. In this sense, judgment is suspended in the realm of death. She feels that the mortal Creon cannot make a proclamation that governs the realm of the dead. Antigone embodies a â€Å"law† that revolves around the chiasmic unity of the opposite values of honor and dishonor attributed to Etocles and Polyneices, respectively (Ulfers, Lecture). She will not give allegiance to the temporal rules of Creon, since she will be in conflict with the higher authority of the gods regarding the realm of death: â€Å"The god of death demands these rites for both† (Sophocles 181). As a result of Antigone’s public display of disobedience toward Creon’s rule, Creon believes that he is forced to fulfill the justified punishment of death on Antigone. In order to uphold his authority as a good ruler, he feels that he has to rule with intolerance toward disobedience: â€Å"The man the city set up in authority must be obeyed in small things and in just but also in their opposites† (Sophocles, 187). In Creon’s mind, creating a victorious rule means inflexible justice, order, and discipline. This unchanging mentality of a strict separation of being either loyal or disloyal and receiving either reward or punishment represents a Paramenidean view of justice. His form of justice is devoid of leniency and mercy, only seeing his own perspective on justice. Creon finally realizes the true â€Å"injustice† of his law only after the tragic deaths of his son, wife, and Antigone: â€Å"The mistakes of a blinded man are themselves rigid and laden with death† (Sophocles, 209). His inflexible decrees blinded him from true justice by locking him into a rigid Paramenidean view of the world. After facing unparalleled tragedies, he ultimately has gained insight into Antigone’s â€Å"justice. † Creon has switched from the Paramenidean separation of opposites to the chiasmic unity of opposites: â€Å"Everything in my hands is crossed† (Sophocles, 212). Creon is now able to comprehend that not everything can be categorized into separate distinctions to be judged, seeming to accept the Heraclitean view of justice. Creon sees the error in his notion of justice, but he is too late to prevent the tragedy that befalls him. His absolute power of ruling combined with his pride and arrogance leads him to be blinded to Antigone’s beliefs. At the end of the play, Creon gains â€Å"wisdom† from his â€Å"unwelcome fate† realizing that he â€Å"[should] have kept the old accepted laws† (Sophocles 204, 212). This realization bestows upon him the knowledge to rule in favor of the â€Å"both/and† Heraclitean view of justice, rather than the â€Å"either/or† Paramenidean view of justice that he once followed. How to cite Justice in Antigone, Essay examples

Accounting Research Critique Theory and Current Issue

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Research Critique for Theory and Current Issue. Answer: Introduction The main topic of the selected article is to examine the positive approach in accounting research. This critique is aimed to review conducted research objectively and to determine the strengths and weaknesses systematically. In this research critique, the application of positive research in the accounting field is the major argument. This critique includes arguments for the use of positive research in the accounting practice. This paper includes systematic analysis of arguments presented in the given article. In this paper, summary, research questions, theoretical framework, significance and limitations of the article are included and analyzed to critique the selected piece of research. Summary of the Article This article focuses on analyzing positive research in the accounting discipline. In this, researcher aimed to determine both significance and drawbacks of this theory by reviewing its broad academic projects along with the ontological and epistemological assumptions. Positive accounting is explained as research program that seeks to frame cause and effective relationship of human behavior in the field of accounting. In this, the recent accounting and auditing literature are selected to reveal major deficiencies of the processes and methods, which are used to perform positive accounting research in reality and their role in preventing the development of wider project accurately (Dunmore, 2011). In this article, statistical method of hypotheses testing, theoretical models, analytical models, replication are some aspects of positive accounting research is analyzed to determine the deficiencies in the practice of positive accounting theory. The gap between real and expected performance of positive research in the accounting field is found. The author advocates the view of Kuhn for normal science in which the large number of problems is solved by adopting set of beliefs and practices. In accordance to the view of normal science, science is a kind of play in which defines certain rules to solve problems. If a researcher fails to follow rules then he/she would be excluded from the scientific community. But, the emergence of new thoughts makes the exiting paradigm ineffective, which will lead to the development of new paradigm (Dunmore, 2011). By examining the ontology and epistemology of positive research, underperformance of current accounting research practice is determined in terms of the existing requirement of accounting. Research Questions or hypotheses In this article, researcher formed four hypotheses to organize the investigation in terms of examining the practice positive research in the field of accounting. The first hypothesis of this research includes existence of world or events, which has independence nature and thus they are beyond the control of humans. The causes of events are also elements of such independent world. Careful observation of such events makes possible for people to understand the causes. But observations can be wrong if they are not made without making complete disconnection with the world (Dunmore, 2011). Intellectual enquiry means to use observations for understanding the causes of events through the use of mental models. The given hypotheses of this research are quite valuable in terms of gaining insights regarding the thinking process behind an investigation or scientific enquiry. Through this, the process of making rationale enquiry of the world can be understood. This is quite effective for accessing the methods and ways of conducting positive research in the accounting field to determine the deficiencies in its implementation. The value of the hypotheses is flowed from the literature review of this article at the greater extent as it includes analysis of positive research examples in accounting and the application of scientific ontology and epistemology (Dunmore, 2011). By using theories and model, the hypotheses are systematically tested. In the literature review of this article, previous reseasarch are included and analyzed to make conceptual testing of hypotheses. The included literature is quite effective for investigating the process of intellectual enquiry and explaining the falsification o f theory on the basis of observation (Weakliem, 2016). Statistical hypotheses testings logic in concern of quantitative positive accounting research is also accessed to test the hypotheses related to the rationale enquiry of research. After the analysis, a literature for explaining ways of conducting more insightful positive accounting research is included that makes the hypotheses more significant (Dunmore, 2011). Thus, the article is quite significant in terms of stating valuable hypotheses in concern of the accounting field. The literature of the research is also tested the developed hypotheses in the systematic manner. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of this research is developed through the inclusion of different theoretical perspectives of previous researchers. Positive accounting theory (PAT) means to examine the real life examples to understand the behavior of accountants in a situation. The real world accounting transactions and events are analyzed to predict the way companies develop the accounting treatment for transactions. It is the main theory of this article over which major arguments is developed. The casual theory of human behavior is also employed in this article to indicate that behavior and personality is an outcome of experiences (Dennis, 2015). The experience causes learning and it is responsible for developing behavior and personality. Falsifiability theory of Karl Popper is also main theoretical substance of this article. The criterion of falsifiability is employed by the researcher to indicate the ineffectiveness of induction in proving a theory. Falsifiability is the main criteria, which proves a scientific theory. In order to make a scientific theory, it is critical to include falsification criteria as such theories are more useful (Popper, 2014). On the basis of observations and knowledge, the development of scientific principles and theories is not possible as they can be result of external and internal influences. This theory indicates that biasness and personal experiences influences the experience and consequently theory. Science theory is one that can be calculated and tested. The other theoretical substance of this article is Kuhns normal science theory in which assumptions, principles and methods for members of the paradigm are discussed. A shared paradigm is critical for the existence of science. In normal science theory, science means engagement in puzzle solving. Due to this, it is not essential that all puzzle-solving is successful. In some situation, the scientists may find contrary view from the existing paradigm and it causes increase in the complexity. In accordance to the theory of normal science, a scientist has paradigm to accumulate details slowly in agreement of the broad established theory without creating challenges for the assumptions of theory. This allows a scientist to make bulk of investigation and to conduct scientific work through puzzle-solving process. In normal science, paradigm is critical for practicing normal science (Bar-Am, 2014). In this article, the researcher details this theory is highly suitable for determining deficien cies in the positive research in the field of accounting. By detailing normal science theory of Kuhn, the researcher engaged in describing the limitation of applying positive research in accounting practice. The audit-fee concept also laid the development of theoretical framework in this article (Dunmore, 2011). In this article, firms decision for charging auditing fee is analyzed to determine difficulties in accounting field to determine the casual relation with the auditing fess and complexity. The Significance and Limitations of the Article The structure and data collection method is the major strength of this article. Secondary data collection method is employed by researcher to include thoughts and opinions of different researchers and to collect relevant information. By using existing literature, arguments for and against positive accounting research is justified clearly that enhances the value of information of this article. Similarly, existing literature from the field of accounting and auditing is also included by the researcher in this article to present relevant theories for making this enquiry highly informed and relevant in terms of analyzing the developed hypotheses. The structure is also other major strength of this article as it is quite effective in terms of testing the developed hypotheses clearly and to improve the relevancy of this research. The structure includes gradual examination of the developed hypotheses and to determine deficiencies in the practice of positive research within the accounting fiel d. After determining deficiencies, this structure includes recommendations and conclusion to enhance the application of positive accounting research. The applied theory in this article is quite effective to examine the ontology and epistemology of a positive accounting research. But, the theory is not significant in terms of establishing the limitations of the positive accounting research in terms of the practical world. In this article, researcher found that Kuhn's description of normal" science is more relevant with the positive accounting research. The included theories in this article also have some limitations, which are not investigated in concern of the presented arguments for positive accounting researchs application (Drouin et al., 2013). The author did not acknowledge this limitation. This limitation influences the practicability of the arguments presented for positive research approach. In this article, suggestions for implementing positive approach in accounting field are also discussed, which also lacks practicability. Theories are effectively used by the researcher to depict required improvements regarding theoretical models, statistical tests, measurement methods and replication in the application of positive research. It lacks ways through which the suggestions can be applied to improve the accounting research with the use of positive approach. It reduces the value of the findings in term of contributing in addressing the deficiencies of positive research in accounting setting. This limitation affects the significance of articles findings and outcomes. In this research article, wide range of theories is employed by the researcher to analyze the application of positive accounting research in the accounting discipline. The methodology of justifying arguments through theories and recent papers is quite effective in terms of making informed findings. Conclusions It can be concluded on the basis of above discussion that this article has meaningful discussion for examining the application of positive accounting research in the real world. The critique for this article is valuable in terms of developing an insightful knowledge regarding the theories that facilitates the application of positive accounting research. By including range of existing literature range of theories such as Kuhns normal science and Poppers falsification, researcher presented theoretical evidences regarding the deficiencies of positive accounting research. The application of positive approach in accounting field has several problems such as lack of formal construction of theoretical models, excessive dependence on the hypothesiss testing models, avoidance for numerical parameters and examination of qualitative data on the basis of theories, which affects the ability to achieve the scientific objectives. This article includes effective examination of developed hypotheses o n the basis of existing literature to critically analyze the application of positive research in accosting discipline. The methodology of this research is effective to generate informed findings, but it lacks practicability. This may affect significance of this researchs outcomes. References Bar-Am, N. (2014). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 50th. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 44(5), 688-701. Dennis, I. (2015). Auditing Theory. UK: Routledge. Drouin, N., Mller, R. and Sankaran, S. eds. (2013). Novel approaches to organizational project management research: translational and transformational (Vol. 29). Copenhagen Business School Press DK. Dunmore, P.V. (2011). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Retrieved From: https://www.whariki.ac.nz/massey/fms/Colleges/College%20of%20Business/School%20of%20Accountancy/Documents/Discussion%20Papers/222.pdf Popper, K. (2014). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. UK: Routledge. Weakliem, D.L. (2016). Hypothesis Testing and Model Selection in the Social Sciences. Guilford Publications.